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Theory and Principles Preface of the Interlingua-English Dictionary (IED) |
Theoria e Principios Prefacio del Interlingua-English Dictionary (IED) |
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Alexander Gode - Hugh E. Blair: PRINCIPIOS GENERAL DEL GRAMMATICA |
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ha essite tractate combinate como un unitate lingual. Ecce le explanation de patres del interlingua: | ||
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This dictionary was first published under the auspices and the guidance of The International Auxiliary Language Association in 1951. In 1971, twenty years later, it is being reprinted.
Obviously this volume cannot be classed as
a best seller even by the conservative standards of the dictionary market,
and the question “Why reprint the book?” needs to be answered as does the
question “What happened to the original printing of five thousand copies?”
To answer the second question first: A few of these books are gathering dust on the shelves of enthusiasts who transiently embraced Interlingua as a world salvation; but the great majority of copies are now scattered over the face of the globe, in the libraries of individuals and institutions who are aware of and interested in the linguistic similarities within the structure of the Romance languages, which similarities are, after all, the substance and the backbone of this volume. As to the first question: The dictionary is being reprinted because there is a demand for it. This indicates that in two decades Interlingua has not simply outlived its usefulness and is now hanging around in odd corners as an historical atavism but that it has established itself in Europe and in America, performing its communications function in such varied fields as molecular spectroscopy and demography. Twenty years ago the Interlingua-English Dictionary was the product of a linguistic research venture; today it is an established tool of international communication. A. GODE
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Iste dictionario era initialmente publicate sub le auspicios e direction del International Auxiliary Language Association in 1951. In 1971, post vinti annos, illo es reimpresse. Obviemente iste libro non pote esser classificate como un "best seller" mesmo per le standards conservative del mercato de dictionarios, e le question "Proque reimprimer le libro?" ha necessitate de un responsa, mesmo como le question "Que occurreva al impression original del cinque milles copias?" Le responsa al secunde question es: Alicunos de iste libros collige pulvere al porta-libros de enthusiastas qui transientemente imbraciava Interlingua como un salvation mundial; sed le grande majoritate de exemplares son nunc disperse sur le facie del globo, in bibliothecas de individuos e institutiones que son conscie de e interessate in le similaritates linguistic intra le structura del linguas romance, qual similaritates son, post toto, le substantia e le spina de iste libro. Al prime question: Le dictionario ha essite reimpresse proque il ha demanda pro illo. Isto indica que in duo decennios Interlingua non ha simplemente exhauste su utilitate e es nunc circumerrante in locos extravagante como un atavismo historic sed que illo ha establite se in Europa e America, exequente su function de communicationes in tal campos varie como spectroscopia molecular e demographia. Ante vinti annos le Interlingua-English Dictionary era le producto de un aventura de recerca linguistic; hodie illo es un utensile establite in communication international.
A. GODE
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 Alice V. Morris (1874-1950)
Conscious of the function of
The International Auxiliary Language Association
For twenty-five years
At all times
May this volume, |
 Dave Hennen Morris (1872-1944)
Consciente del function de scientia
Le International Auxiliary Language Association
Durante vinti-cinque annos
Tote le tempore
Sia iste libro |
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This Dictionary comprises some 27,000 entries. It is not a complete
compilation of the international vocabulary and could
not be intended to be complete.
A bold guess as to the number of international
words which the methods outlined above would yield if exploited to the
last might run into several hundred thousands. The large majority of the
items included in such a "complete" body of international words would be
highly specialized terms. Being predominantly technological and scientific
or generally learned, their weight contributes greatly to the argument
that the international language exists potentially in the ethnic languages
and merely waits to be extracted from them. However, many terms in this
category are so completely international that after we have found them
in one language we feel justified in using them in any other, including
the international language, without first consulting the corresponding
dictionaries.
If we find the English word cyclonoscope, we need hardly
know what it means, let
alone consult a dictionary, to conclude that the German equivalent
is Zyklonoskop, the French form cyclonoscope, the
variant in Italian ciclonoscopio, etc. For the fact of
the matter is precisely
that words of this kind are not just English, French, German, etc.
but international. The international version of
cyclonoscope is cyclonoscopio.
But we may go farther. Not only are there innumerable technical
terms in international
use, but an additional infinite number which are not
to be found anywhere exist potentially in all the languages within
the orbit of the international vocabulary and hence in the
international language itself. When, for example, the philosopher
Lovejoy, for his own purposes, introduced the term
retrotensive in one of his works, his readers were of
course given an explanation
of what the new coinage was meant to express, yet translators
could consult no dictionary on how to render the term
in any other language. Still, they had no difficulty in
determining that the Spanish,
Italian, Portuguese forms must be retrotensivo, the German form
retrotensif, the French form rétrotensif
etc. Or another example: If an inventor came along with a new
gadget designed to
expel cigarette butts from the holder the moment a certain degree
of nicotine concentration were reached and if this inventor wanted to
call his gadget an autoejector, there could be little doubt
about the foreign names for the instrument upon its arrival on distant
shores in the wake of the spread of civilization.
The Germans would call it Autoejektor, the French
autoéjecteur, the Italians autoeiettore, etc.
The point to be borne in mind is that the translator from
English into any other
language within the orbit of the international vocabulary is immediately able to render words like retrotensive and
autoejector not because he understands what they mean
but because he is aware of their structure. If such an
awareness of structural patterns
on the translator's part enables him to state what such and
such an English word of obvious internationality must be in French,
Spanish, Portuguese, Italian, German, Russian, and numerous
other languages as well, a similar ease of rebuilding such terms in
the international language can be attained on the basis of a corresponding
awareness of the structural patterns prevailing
in the international language. The Dictionary had therefore
to be made to include ample illustrative material of all manner and
kind of formations from all branches of man's scientific
and technological endeavor.
The account of how the Dictionary was made to fulfill this
requirement may be merged with the account of how the body of
words included in it was selected.
The 27,000 most frequent words of the international language, however, cannot
be thus identified. Neither can we know whether a particular international
word is frequent or infrequent, nor can we base the
selection of items to be included in the Dictionary on the criterion
of their importance in any one of the source languages.
Among the distinctive features of our approach to the question of the international
vocabulary is the fact that the starting point must never be
the question, "How do you say in the international language ‘desk,
doughnut, dumbbell,’ or whatever else happens to come to mind?"
When the parallel question is asked, "How do you say ‘desk, doughnut,
dumbbell’ in French, German, or Arabic?" the answer, "A desk
is this, a dumbbell that, and a doughnut does not exist," is possible
because the body of words of those languages is fully established
and ready for perusal.
The first job to be tackled had to be the compilation of at least large portions
of the international vocabulary without any sort of reference to
starting points in English or any other individual language. Furthermore,
if secondarily the question about the international
equivalent of such and such a word from any particular language
is admitted, it should be explicitly preceded by an inquiry
as to whether or not the thing, fact, or idea in question is
international. For if no one can be expected to give the French, Russian or German word for doughnut if he can prove that the thing
itself is unknown to the speakers of those languages, the
same privilege should be enjoyed by a person
speaking or writing the international language.
Inversely the international vocabulary, to qualify as the vocabulary of
a full-fledged language, must be able to produce an equivalent for
every concept which is truly international. It does not follow
that non-international concepts cannot be expressed in the international language.
A Russian, German, or Frenchman can very well refer
to a doughnut in his own language by using various circumlocutions
even though he may find that there is no crystallized
term for the thing. Exactly the same - but nothing more - may be
expected of the international language.
In the preparation of this Dictionary the technique of checking the internationality
of concepts represented in individual languages and
of subsequently ascertaining their being covered by the international
vocabulary, has been applied after the assembly of an initial
stock of international words was completed.
The basis from which the initial compilation took off consisted of complete assemblies
of all words in the major source languages belonging to
a particular etymological word family. The selection of the etymological
families to be so treated was naturally guided in a general
way by the knowledge that it would be technically impossible to
treat the total vocabulary of the source languages in the manner indicated and that a family like that evolved from Latin corpus
‘body’ or Greek lithos 'tone' should have priority over an item
like Latin jurgare 'to quarrel' (from which we have such obscure
words as English objurgation) or Greek limos
'hunger' (which produces the English term bulimy 'a morbid form of hunger occurring in idiots' also known as 'canine hunger').
One result achieved by the method of etymological family alignments is
that it permits the student to see at a glance what etymologically
corresponding words there are in the various languages under
observation. For example, the English word necessitous has the
Italian correspondence necessitoso, it appears in French as
necessiteux, but nothing like it existed in Latin or exists now in
Spanish and Portuguese. The word necessity, on the other hand,
has etymological correspondences practically everywhere.
English necessitude existed in Latin and older Italian but is nowhere
really alive.
More important is the fact that the assemblies of complete etymological
families bring out the derivational patterns, which are often obscured
or disrupted in individual languages, with such clarity
that the result may be termed the underlying prototype or international
schema of derivation. English paucity, for
instance, looks certainly like a derivative with the suffix
-ity, but from the
English point of view it is not possible to state from what other
word it is derived. The Iberian languages and Italian clarify
the question. The base word is represented in them by poco and
the archaic Italian form pauco which serve to explain the
English paucity. Or again the French word
crétacé 'cretacious' shows at best a vague
or "learned" dependence on craie 'chalk.'
But when this craie appears in alignment with Italian creta,
the clear Italian pattern creta-cretaceo brings out the obscured
but latent French continuity craie-crétacé.
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Le Dictionario comprende circa 27000 entratas. Illo non es un
compilation complete del vocabulario international e illo non poteva
esser facite con le intention que illo sia complete.
Un nette estimation del parolas international que le methodos jam previemente
exponite, producerea si istos era exploitate usque al ultimo,
poterea amontar a plure centos de milles. Le grande majoritate de
parolas comprendite in un tal corpore 'complete' de parolas
international esserea terminos de alte specialisation. Proque illos
es in un quanto predominante technologic e scientific o generalmente
docte, lor peso grandemente contribue al argumento que le lingua
international existe potentialmente in le linguas ethnic e solmente
attende esser extrahite de illos. Tamen, le internationalitate
de multe terminos in iste categoria es tanto explicite que
habente trovate los in un o altere lingua nos senti que
es justificate usar los in omne alteres, etiam in le lingua
international, sin previemente consultar le dictionarios
correspondente.
Si nos incontra le parola anglese cyclonoscope, il es a pena
necessari saper que illo significa; il es mesme non necessari
consultar un dictionario, pro concluder que le equivalente german es
Zyklonoskop, le forma francese cyclonoscope, le
variante italian ciclonoscopio, etc. Nam le facto es precisemente que vocabulos de
iste specie non es specificamente anglese, francese o german, etc.
sed international. Le version international de cyclonoscope es
cyclonoscopio.
Sed nos pote avantiar. Non solmente il ha innumerabile terminos
technic in uso international, sed un infinite numero additional, que
non es trovabile ubicunque, existe potentialmente in omne linguas
intra le campo del vocabulario international e inde in le lingua
international ipse. Quando, per exemplo, le philosopho Lovejoy, pro su
proprie proposito, introduceva le termino retrotensive in un de su
obras, su lectores recipeva naturalmente un explication de que
iste neologismo debeva exprimer, sed traductores non pote consultar
un dictionario pro saper como translatar le termino in qualcunque
altere lingua. Tamen illes non habeva un difficultate pro determinar
que le formas espaniol, italian, portugese debeva esser
retrotensivo, le forma german retrotensiv, le forma francese retrotensif,
etc. Un altere exemplo: si un inventor faceva apparer un novelle
utensile pro ejicer cigarettas ex un receptaculo al momento que un
crte grado de concentration de nicotina era attingite e iste
inventor desirava appellar su invention un autoejector, il poterea
haber pane dubita super le nomine pro iste instrumento in altere
linguas post su arrivata a lontan costas in le curso del expansion
del civilisation. Le germanos lo appellarea Autoejektor,
le franceses autoejecteur, le italianos autoeiettore, etc.
Que merita nostre attention es que le
Le conto de como le Dictionario era adaptate pro responder a
iste requirimentos se misce con un canto de como le corpore del
vocabulos inserite era seligite.
Le 27000 vocabulos le plus frequente del lingua international,
totevia, non pote esser talmente identificate. Non solmente nos non
pote saper an un certe parola international es frequente o
infrequente, nos etiam non pote fundar le selection de vocabulos a
inserer in le dictionario super le criterio de lor importantia in un
o altere lingua fonte.
Inter le aspectos distinctive de nostre approximation al question
del vocabulario international es le facto que le puncto de partita
nullemente sia le question "Como dicer in le lingua international
'desk, doughnut, dumbbeIl' o quecunque aItere que adveni aI mente?".
Quando es ponite le question paraIlel "Como dicer in francese,
germano o arabe 'desk, doughnut, dumbbell'?" le responsa "Un 'desk'
es isto, un 'dumbbell' es illo e un 'doughnut' non existe", es
possibile proque le corpore de parolas in iste linguas es
completemente establite e preste pro scrutinio.
Le prime labor a attaccar deberea esser le compilation de al minus
grande portiones del vocabulario international sin qualcunque
referentia a punctos de partita in anglese o in alicun aItere lingua
particular. In plus, si secundemente le question in re le equivalente
international de un o altere parola de alicun lingua particular esadmittite, un scrutinio an si o non le concernite caso, facto o idea
es international debe explicitemente preceder. Post que si on non
pote expectar que qualque uno es capace a
dar le parola francese, russe o german pro 'doughnut' e ille pote
provar que le cosa ipse es incognite al parlatores de iste linguas,
le mesme privilegio deberea esser concedite a un persona qui parla o
scribe in le lingua international.
Inversemente le vocabulario international, si illo sia le
vocabulario de un lingua completemente developpate, debe esser
capace a presentar un equivalente pro omne notiones que son vermente
international. De isto non seque que notiones non-international non
pote esser exprimite in le lingua international. Un russo, un germano
o un francese pote certo referer a un 'doughnut' in su proprie lingua
per usar varie circumlocutiones mesmo si ille possibilemente crede que
il non ha un termino concrete pro le cosa. Exactemente le mesmo --
sed nihil plus -on pote expectar dellingua international.
Durante le preparation de iste Dictionario le technica de controlo
del internationalitate de notiones representate in separate linguas e
de subsequente assecurantia que illos es includite in le lingua
international, ha essite applicate post quam le collection de un
gruppo initial de vocabulos international era finite.
Le base de que le compilation initial partiva consisteva de
complete collectiones de omne parolas in le major linguas fonte, que
pertille a un particular famiJia etymologic de parolas. Le selection
del familias etymologic que sia assi tractate era naturalmente
guidate in un maniera general per le sapientia que il esserea
technicamente impossibile tractar tote le vocabulario del linguas
fonte in le maniera indicate e que un familia corno illo que evolveva
ab latin corpus 'corpore' o grec lithos 'lapide'
deberea haber prioritate super un caso como latin jurgare
'querelar' (ab le qual
nos ha in anglese tal parolas obscur como objurgation) o
grec limos 'fame' (le qual produceva in anglese le
termino bulimy 'un forma morbide de fame que
occurre in idiotas' e que es cognite etiam como 'fame canin').
Un resultato particular obtenite per le methodo de alineamento de
familias etymologic es illo que permitte al studente constatar a prime
vista qual parolas con etymologic correspondentia se trova in le
varie linguas observate. Per exemplo, le parola anglese
necessitous ha como correspondentia italian
necessitoso e illo appare como
necessiteux in francese, sed nihil similar existeva in latino o
existe nunc in espaniol e portugese. Al contrario, le parola anglese
necessity ha correspondentias etymologic quasi ubique. Anglese
necessitude existeva in latino e in un passate stadio del italiano,
sed es nusquam realmente vivente.
Plus importante es le facto que le
Pro le vocabulario international le claritate de su patronos
derivational es de importantia tanto essential que isto imponeva le
decision a dar peso a illo in le Dictionario per un adherentia quasi
inconditional al principio que nuHe vocabulo se insere sin le
admission simultanee de omne su clar compositos, derivationes e
formationes que lo accompania in un serie derivational. Si le
adjectivo marin es registrate, isto permitte prender con illo le
composito submarin, le derivato marinero, e le
forma mar que lo precede. Naturalmente nuHe parola pote introducer con se derivatos que non es clarmente recognoscibile como tales. Ben que le adjectivo
marin ha un derivato substantival marina, iste parola non appare in le Dictionario como un derivato de marin proque nemo
recognoscera le signification de marina super le base de su parentato con le adjectivo marin in conjunction con le termination
-a. Le vocabulo marina es in le vocabulario per proprie derecto. Illo es international in le requirite senso per se.
A fin de establir un regula que cata parola que entra in le
vocabulario international pote apportar con se omne formationes
parentate differente de illo per un elemento de distincte e logic
valor, un lista de affixos standard con formas standardisate e
significationes standardisate debe esser providite. Le selection de
iste affixos era possibilisate per un studio del complete
collectiones de familias etymologic previemente mentionate.
Pro le objectivo del Dictionario omne affixos hic presentate es
considerate active o autonome. Isto es, omne parola - mesmo si illo
se trova solmente in un del linguas contribuente - es inserite in le
Dictionario si illo es per le media de un de istos super un base de
complete stabilimento international. Cata affixo active es
representate in le Dictionario per un separate entrata que include un
complete analysis de su signification o significationes.
Inversemente, cata affixo representate per un separate entrata in le
Dictionario es assi identificate como un affixo active.
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a- -amento ante- -ata -ator -abile amphi- anti- -ate -atori ad- an- -antia -astra -atoria -ada -an apo- -astro -atorio -age ana- -ar -ation -atura -al -ano -ari -ative auto- -alia -ante -ario -ato cata- circum -ette -ific -ition -osis co -etto -ificar -ificar -itis con ex- -imento -itive para- contra- extra- in- -itor per- dia- hyper- -in -itori peri- dis- hypo- -ina -itoria post- dys- -ia inter- -itorio pre- en- -ian intra- -itude pro- -ente -iano intro- -itura re- - entia -ibile -ion -ive retro- epi- -ic -isar meta- sub- -eria -ica -ismo mis- super- -ero -ico -issime non- syn- -esc -iente -issimo -oide trans- -ese -ientia -ista -or ultra- -essa -iera -ita -ori -ura -eto -iero -itate -orio vice- -etta -ifere -ite -ose |
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As for compounds, every formation is considered
active (or autonomous) if both elements constituting the compound occur
in other compounds of full internationality which thus serve as models.
The international words telegraphia and
microscopio can carry a formation
like micrographia into the international vocabulary as a
logical, self-explanatory
compound provided it is found represented in at least one of the contributing languages.
The compounds thus given active standing include
the type portamoneta 'purse' which consists of a verb
form (conveniently
described as the infinitive deprived of its final -r) plus a noun. The
meaning of the compound follows the pattern, "a thing or person that is
to perform the action expressed by the first element in regard to an object
represented by the second element." The second element may be singular
or plural in form depending on the logic of the situation. If,
as in guardacostas 'coastguard,' the second element is
given in the plural, the pluralization
of the compound produces no distinct form. 'Coastguards' is
still guardacostas. The inclusion of all types of compounds in the Dictionary has not been carried as far as in the case of affix formations. If, within the limits noted, a consistent effort was made to exhaust derivational series and incorporate all their links in the Dictionary, the families in which the words of the international vocabulary are presented do not of necessity constitute etymological families in the broad sense of the term. The international vocabulary is based on the vocabulary of a series of contributing languages but is not identical with them. In this sense English is based on Western Germanic (as is German) without being identical with it. And as, for instance, the English word dollar is not, in English terns, a derivative from the word dale although in terms of West Germanic such an etymological interrelation is a fact, so there are word groups in the international language which may very well be etymologically interrelated in terms of the Romance languages or Latin or Greek without therefore being interrelated within the framework of the international vocabulary. An instance of this sort is the international word prision which constitutes a word family by itself despite the fact that it is ultimately - by way of the Romance languages and Latin - related to the international word prender.Free Formation. - Among the word families in the Dictionary there are naturally not a few which consist of one single word. They are in a sense potential families. Although the present Dictionary does not include words totally devoid of support in the contributing source languages, there is no reason why the user should not operate freely with the derivational and compounding devices placed at his disposal. He may thus expand single-word families to fuller representation in exactly the manner in which he may add newer formations to any of the larger groups. He may, for example, take the word jada 'jade' and derive from it the verb jadificar 'to transform into, make look like, jade,' just as he may use the word pluralista 'pluralist' to form the adjective pluralistic. Nothing can prevent him from making such words except the worry that he would not know what to do with them. He may go farther and form such monsters as jadification and jadificational or pluralisticitate. To be sure, there are psycho-linguistic blocks (rooted in Romance tradition and usage) which will prevent the majority of users from forming such words as well as others of the theoretically altogether possible type of jadal or pluralistal. The Dictionary includes a fair number of doublets which cannot be kept out of the international vocabulary because they happen to be international. Most of them owe their occurrence to the principle of complete derivational series. There is for instance the international word vindication which carries with it the infinitive vindicar supported both by English 'to vindicate' and international derivatives and compounds of the type vindication, revindicar, etc. These forms having been established and included in the international vocabulary, the contributing languages present the additional correspondence French, English vengeance, Spanish venganza, which justifies the adoption of a doublet verb vengiar. Since the Dictionary is not meant to legislate within the frame of what has been described as the international vocabulary, it must refrain from expressing a preference in favor of one of two equally international forms of the same word. The user may take his choice. Similar consequences result from the principle that the deriving stem of a particular series of words determines the form of the base word. Both iridescentia and irisation are fully supported international words. The former carries with it the base form iride 'iris' (supported by Italian); the latter would justify the inclusion of iris even if it were not international in itself. Hence the doublet iris-iride. The endeavor to make this a comprehensive dictionary of the international vocabulary implied an open-minded attitude toward previous auxiliary language proposals. The most important effects of this attitude fall in the domain of grammar rather than of lexicography. However, the two domains meet in their common interest in certain types of words with predominantly grammatical functions. Several older auxiliary-language systems operate with forms, especially of conjunctions, prepositions, pronouns, and non-derived adverbs, which do not appear to be incompatible with the principles of assemblage adopted for this Dictionary. All such forms have been included. They are given in brackets; the interlinguistic systems from which they were taken have not been identified. |
Quanto a compositos, cata formation es considerate active o autonome, si le elementos que constitue le composito, occurre in altere compositos de plen internationalitate, le quales assi servi como patronos. Le parolas international telegraphia e microscopio pote supportar un formation como micrographia in le vocabulario international como un logic e evidente composito sub le condition que illo se trova in al minus un del linguas contribuente. Le compositos talmente ponite in un stato active, include le typo portamoneta que consiste de un forma verbal (commodemente describite como le infinitiva private del -r final) prefixe a un substantivo. Le signification del composito es definite per le phrase "un cosa o persona destinate a exercer le action exprimite per le prime elemento con respecto a un objecto representate per le secunde elemento". Le secunde elemento pote esser in le forma singular o plural dependente del logica del caso. In le caso, como in guardacostas 'coastguard', in que le secunde elemento es date in le forma plural, le composito pluralisate non obtene un forma distincte. 'Coastguards' es etiam guardacostas. Le insertion de tanto multe typos de compositos in le Dictionario non era complite tanto extensivemente como in le caso del formationes con affixos. Si, intra le confinios definite, un effortio consistente era facte pro exhaurir series derivational e pro incorporar omne lorFormation libere. - Inter le familias de parolas in le Dictionario il ha naturalmente non pauches que consiste de un singule parola. Illos son in un certe senso familias potential. Ben que le presente Dictionario non contine parolas toto sin alicun supporto in le contribuente linguas fonte, il non ha un ration proque un usator non velle liberemente operar con modos derivational e compositori que es disponibile a ille. Assi ille pote expander familias de un singule parola a un representation plus ample exactemente in le maniera in que ille pote adder nove formationes a alicun del gruppos plus grande. Per exemplo, ille pote prender le parola jada e derivar de isto le verbo jadificar 'transformar a o render similar a jada', precisemente como ille pote usar le parola pluralista pro formar le adjectivo pluralistic. Nihil pote impedir a ille facer tal parolas excepte le vexation que ille non saperea que facer con illos. Ille poterea continuar e formar tal monstruositates como jadification e jadificational o pluralisticitate. In veritate, il ha impedimentos psycholinguistic (radicate in le tradition e usage romance) que retene le majoritate del usatores de formar tal parolas como etiam alteres del typo, al fin possibile, de jadal o pluralistal.
Le Dictionario contine un considerabile numero de duplettos que on non
pote evitar in le vocabulario international proque al fin illos son
international. Le major parte de illos debe lor presentia al principio
del complete series derivational. Per exemplo, il ha le parola
international vindication que introduce con se le
infinitiva vindicar supportate e per anglese 'to
vindicate' e per derivationes e compositos
del typo vindication, revindicar, etc. Dum iste
formas ha essite
stabilite e inserite in le vocabulario international, le linguas
contribuente presenta le correspondentia additional: francese e anglese
vengeance, espaniol venganza, que justifica le
adoption de un verbo-dupletto vengiar. Post que le
Dictionario non es destinate a legislar
intra le quadro de que ha essite descripte como le vocabulario
international, illo debe retener se de enunciar un preferentia in favor
de un del duo formas equalmente international del mesme vocabulo. Al
usator es admittite facer su election. Consequentias similar resulta del
principio que le radice de que es derivate un serie particular de
parolas, determina le forma del vocabulo basic. E
iridescentia e irisation son parolas
international plenmente supportate. Le prime
apporta con se le forma basic iride (supportate per
italiano); le altere justificarea le adoption de iris mesmo si
isto non esseva international solmente per se. Inde le dupletto
Le tentativa a facer isto un dictionario comprehensive del vocabulario international implicava un attitude liberal verso previe proponimentos de linguas auxiliar. Le effectos le plus importante de iste attitude se trova in le dominio del grammatica plus tosto quam in illo del lexicographia. Totevia, le duo dominios se incontra in lor interesse commun in certe typos de parolas con functiones ante toto grammatical. Plure systemas de linguas auxiliar del passato functiona con formas, specialmente conjunctiones, prepositiones, pronomines e adverbios nonderivate, que se monstra non esser incompatibile con le principios de compilation acceptate pro le Dictionario. Omne tal formas ha essite inserite. Illos son in crochettos; le systemas interlinguistic ex quales illos son prendite non son identificate.
Recognoscentias. - Le completion de iste Dictionario conclude un phase major in le historia del International Auxiliary Language Association. Il es difficile dicer quando precisemente le projecto era lanceate, proque multe ideas usate in su execution e etiam un numero de studios independente ex quales alicun materia prime poteva esser derivate attinge retro per un decennio e plus e non necessemente era concepte in anticipation del uso que ha essite facte de illos. A lor autores e compilatores nos vole exprimer nostre senso de obligation e gratitude. Como le director presente del recerca interlinguistic de IALA io es felice a exprimer mi appreciation del effortios de mi predecessores. Portiones de labor fundamental multo essential a qual nos ha edificate era facte per sr E. Clark Stillman qui io me senti essente privilegiate haber como amico e qui io es alacre recognoscer como un inseniator in le campo de interlinguistica. Equalmente le Dictionario es indebitate a un numero de ideas fundamental que era originalmente formulate per dr André Martinet.
Inter le autores de projectos varie que IALA avantiava o interprendeva in le
passato, il es specialmente stta Helen S. Eaton cuje contributiones indirecte
pro nostre obra presente poteva esser observate e illos era appreciate per
omne empleatos de equipa al tote le tempores durante le preparation actual
del manuscripto final del impressor. Isto non es solmente un referentia al
Semantic Frequency List de stta Eaton sed etiam a varie manuscriptos
de studios que son preservate sub su nomine in le archivos de IALA.
On ha sovente remarcate que le skeleto de un nove systema de lingua auxiliar es un obra de non plus quam un finseptimana prolongate. Le compilation de un dictionario es un altere cosa. Illo excede un capacitate productive de un finseptimana e forsan illo del tote le vita. On non pote imaginar in ulle caso iste Dictionario como un obra de un singule autor. Illo representa un obra de un equipa e collaboration. Quando io presenta un lista del membros presente e passate del Section de Recerca de IALA in tanto que illes ha essite connexe con le varie stadios trans quales iste obra debeva passar, cata uno va ipse saper in qual respecto su effortios era specialmente importante e hinc specialmente appreciate. Nulle gratias sed appreciation calide a dr Dora Berger, sr Erich Berger, sra Chassia Topaze Heldt, sr Francis H. Heldt, dr Christine Meyer, sr Nikolai Rabeneck, dr Leonie Sachs, sr Louis Sibuet e dr Bernhard Valentini. Le manuscripto de iste Dictionario era in le ultime grados de su revision editorial quando mrs Alice V. Morris moriva le augusto 15, 1950. Durante annors interesse de sra Morris al labor del Association hbeva trovate expression in le most active participation in omne nostre effortios. Illa era la presidente del Division de Recerca de IALA sed iste position non preveniva la de laborar simultaneemente como le plus devote e infatigabile membro del Section de Recerca del Association. Ante su ultime maladia le circumscribeva le extension de investigationes linguistic de sra Morris, le majoritate de su labor era execute in collaboration intime con su studiose e largemente informate assistente, sr Hugh E. Blair, qui subsequentemente jungeva se le section general de Recerca de IALA. Iste projecto ha profitate grandemente per labor implacabile e omnipertinente criticismo de sr Blair. Sra Mary Bray, director executive de IALA, ha nunquam evitate le extra labor necessitae per nostre demanda de illa aviso editorial e adjuta practic lontan post su cargas administrative. Su spirito e collaboration gaudiose ha solvite multe difficultates technic e non-technic. Specificamente illa ha organisate pro nos un bureau cleric de devotion non-fatigante cuje alte moral superviveva non-intimidate trans multe horas lugubre. Que nostre empleatos cleric - stta Louise Engelke, sra Patricia Walsh Galvin, stta Ethel Hanson e sra Margaret Timm - va considerar iste Dictionario como lor obra que es illo in un sense multo importante.
Nos non pote lassar iste obra al publico sin invitar un criticismo
constructive de interlinguistas practic e theoretic in omne partes
del mundo. Isto applica non solmente a faltas technic e errores
que sembla indeclinabile in un obra de tal scopo e le quales nos
va esser gaudiose a corriger in editiones futur. Illo es intense
particularmente a referar le questiones de methodologia e technica
de presentation e etiam a guidar ideas que ha effecto al resultatos
obtente. Vamos allargar iste appellation a collaboration critic e
adressar lo etiam al studente de linguistica comparative e general.
Recerca linguistic forniva le methodologia
interlinguistic que produceva iste Dictionario. Quando le
linguista discoperi su usos, que ille discoperi etiam que
interlinguistica es le branca de su scientia ubi erudition e
idealismo practic merge.
ALEXANDER GODE |
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Spelling is written form; pronunciation is
voiced form. In the international vocabulary, spelling and pronunciation
- like forms - represent the consensus of the source languages. Both are
governed by prototype rules evolved from the contributing variants. The
resulting system of orthography makes use of the conventional twenty-six of the Roman alphabet without special diacritical signs or accent
marks. The norm of pronunciation is, generally speaking, "continental."
Its values are elastic within type limits, or technically expressed, it
permits phonemic variations of sounds not only under the influence of neighboring sounds but also as an effect of the native speech habits of individuals of various language backgrounds.
The English speaker should guard against his
native tendency to merge all unstressed vowels in the neutral sound of
a in China. His normal native pronunciation of b, d, f, k, l, m, p, ph.
qu, v, w, and z agrees with the international norm. All other symbols and
sounds are tabulated below.
a like a in 'father';
c before e, i, y like ts in 'hats' (or, optionally, like 'c
in city'); otherwise like c in 'cats'; ch like ch in 'echo, chrome';e like e in 'met';g like g in 'good’;h like in anglese (or, optionally, silent); after r e t, silent;i like i in 'machine'; when unstressed before a vowel, like i in 'onion' or in 'phobia'; e.g. bile,
biliose, varie;j like z in 'azure' (or, optionally, like g
in 'gem' or likey in 'yes’);o like o in 'obey';r like rr in 'merry' or, better, like r in
espaniol 'caro';s like s in 'stay'; between vowels, the same(or, optionally, like s in 'these'); e.g. sparse, abstruse, accusativo;t like in English; ti before vowels, unless stressed or preceded by s, like tsy in 'he gets you' (or, optionally, like sy in 'we pass you' or like ty
in 'we let you'); e.g. actor, action, garantia, question; u
like u in 'plural'; when unstressed before a vowel, like u in 'persuade' or in 'superfluous';
e.g. plural, persuader, superflue;
Pronunciations deviating from these norms are
indicated in the Dictionary by a simple system of respelling. In it the
normal sound values of the interlingua are to be assumed. The digraph ch
stands frequently for the sound of sh in English and has been respelled
as sh; e.g. choc (sh-). The combination gi often represents the sound
of z in azure. It has been respelled j; e.g. avantagiose (-ajo-). Simple
g has this sound and hence this respelling in the suffix -age; e.g.
avantage (-aje).
The diphthong eu stands for a combination of the normal interlingua sounds of e and u. Similarly, ai stands for a plus i as in kaiser; au for a plus u as in kraut. - Double consonants need not be distinguished in pronunciation from simple consonants. - The double consonant ss, however, is always voiceless like ss in ‘miss.’ The sounds of g and k assimilate a preceding n as in English.
Unassimilated guest words, that is, foreign
or borrowed words which are identified in the Dictionary as to their origin,
retain the pronunciation and spelling of the language of origin. The original
diacritical signs are omitted when the languages which have borrowed such
words dispense with them too. They do so when the resulting simplified
spelling suffices to suggest the intended pronunciation; e.g. defaite for
French défaite, but kümmel as in German.
The main stress is normally on the vowel before
Deviations from this system are covered in
the Dictionary by respelling with stress marks; e.g. abbatia (-ía),
formica (-íca), thermometro (-ó-).
While syllabification may be handled according
to derivation, usage in the source languages suggests that preference be
given to syllabification according to pronunciation. This means that single
consonants belong with the following syllable except for x which stays
with the preceding syllable; e.g. ex-a-mi-na-tor. Consonant groups are
divided with the important restriction that l and r cannot be separated
from preceding b, c, ch, d, f, g, p, ph. t, th, and v; e.g. al-le-gre.
The combinations qu, gu, and su are likewise
indivisible. |
Orthographia es le forma scripte; pronunciation es forma parlate. In le vocabulario international, orthographia e pronunciation - como formas - representa le consenso del linguas del fonte. Ambes son governate per regulas de prototypo evolvite ex le variantes contribuente. Le systema resultante de orthographia usa le vinti-sex litteras conventional del alphabeto roman sin special signos diacritic o marcas de accento. Le norma de pronunciation es, parlante generalmente, "continental". Su valores son elastic in limites de typos, o expresse technicamente, illo permitte variationes phonetic de sonos non solmente sub le influentia de sonos vicin sed etiam como un effecto del native habitudes de parlar de individuos de varie fundos lingual.
Le parlator de anglese debe evitar su tendentia a merger omne vocalos nonaccentuate in le sono neutral de a in China. Su normal pronunciation native de b, d, f, k, l, m, p, ph, qu, v, w e z son in accordo con le norma international. Omne altere symbolos e sonos son tabulate in infra.
a como a in 'father';
c ante e, i, y como ts in 'hats' (o, optionalmente, como 'c
in city’); alteremente como c in 'cats'; ch como ch in 'echo, chrome’;e como e in 'met';g como g in 'good’;h como in anglese (o, optionalmente, silente); post r e t, silente;i como like i in 'machine'; quando non-accentuate ante un vocalo, como i in 'onion' o in 'phobia'; e.g. bile, biliose, varie;j como z in 'azure' (o, optionalmente, como g in 'gem' o comoy in 'yes’);o como o in 'obey';r como rr in 'merry' o, melio, como r in espaniol 'caro';s como s in 'stay'; inter vocalos, le mesme (o,
optionalmente, como s in 'these'); e.g. sparse, abstruse, accusativo;t como in anglese; ti ante vocalos, salvo accentuate o precesse per s, como tsy in 'he gets you' (o, optionalmente, como sy in 'we pass you' o como ty in 'we let you’); e.g. actor, action, garantia, question;
Pronunciationes que devia de iste normas son indicate in le Dictionario per un simple systema de rescriptura. In illo le normal valores de sonos del interlingua son assumpte. Le diagrapho ch corresponde frequentemente le sono sh in anglese e ha essite rescripte como sh; e.g. choc (sh-). Le combination gi sovente representa le sono z in
azure. Illo ha essite rescripte con j; e.g. avantagiose (-ajo-). Simple g ha iste sono e hinc isto es rescripte in le suffixo -age; e.g. avantage (-aje).
Le diphthongo eu sta pro un combination del normal sonos de interlingua de e e u. Similarmente, ai sta pro a plus i como in kaiser; au pro a plus u como in kraut.
- Le consonantes duple non debe esser distinguite in pronunciation de
consonantes simple. - Le consonante duple ss, totevia, es semper
aphonic como ss
in 'miss.' Le sonos de g e k assimila un n precedente como in anglese.
Parolas prestate non-assimilate, il es, parolas estranie o prestate que son identificate in le Dictionario re lor
Le accento principal es normalmente super le vocalo ante le ultime consonante. Parolas que se termina con -le, -ne, -re e son precesse per un vocalo ha le accento super le tertie syllaba ab le fin; e.g. fragile, ordine, tempore. In parolas que son formate con le suffixos -ic, -ica, -ico, -ide, -ido, -ula e -ulo, le accento es super le syllaba precedente le suffixo. Le suffixos -ific, -ifico son accentuate super le prime i.
Deviationes de iste systema con coperite in le Dictionario per rescriptura con marcas de accento; e.g. abbatia (-ía), formica (-íca), thermometro (-ó-).
Quando syllabification pote esser tractate in |
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Traduction in 1995 a interlingua: Karel Wilgenhof, Pais Basse Contributiones ulterior per Piet Cleij, Pais Basse e Bent Andersen, Danmark.
Actualisate le 2012-01-21 |
