IALA
International Auxiliary Language Association
Personas eminente detra le creation de interlingua Directores de IALA in 1951
Thomas J. Watson

SIRI = "Sacre Imperio Roman Interlinguan"
SIRNE = "Sacre Imperio Roman de Nationes Europee"

Thomas J. Watson - International Business Machines Corporation
President Dwight D. "Ike" Eisenhower. ⊕ "Dear Tom: ... Cordially Ike"
Curriculum vitae de Thomas J. Watson ⊕ Thomas J. Watson in 1917.
Thomas Watson, Sr.: IBM and the Computer Revolution
Head of IBM, IALA (International Auxiliary Language Association) and interlingua
The lives and ideas of the 100 world's most influential people
Famous (alleged) misquote: "There is a world market for maybe five computers"
The IBM Thomas J. Watson Research Center is the largest industrial research organization in the world
Thomas J. Watson Jr.
Bibliography
Famous Quotes by Thomas Watson
"Patre del capitalismo"

Thomas J. Watson Sr.
(1874 - 1956)

Ille fundava le International Business Machines Corporation (IBM), un corporation que faceva
historia

Ille era membro del directorate de IALA (International Auxiliary Language Association), que in 1951 creava interlingua - e faceva
historia!


President Eisenhower declared,
"In the passing of Thomas J. Watson, the nation has lost a truly fine American - an industrialist who was first of all a great citizen and a great humanitarian."


Presidente Eisenhower declarava,
"In le morte de Thomas J. Watson, le nation ha perdite un vermente fin americano - un industrialista qui era super toto un grande citatano e un grande humanitario."


Curriculum vitae de Thomas J. Watson


- 1874 born in Campbell, N.Y.
- 1892 began his career at age 18 as bookkeeper in Clarence
   Risley's Market in Painted Post, N.Y. Later, he sold pianos
   and sewing machines in the same village.
- 1895 took a job as a salesman with National Cash Register
   Company and later became general sales manager.
- 1913 married Jeannette M. Kittredge, daughter of an Ohio
   industrialist. They had four children.
- 1914 joined CTR (Computing-Tabulating-Recording Co) as
   general manager.
- 1915 became president of CTR.
- After he was cleared of antitrust charges lingering from his
   tenure at NCR, Watson was promoted to president.
- 1924 CTR became IBM.
- 1937 became president of the International Chamber of Commerce.
- 1956 died at age 82.

1874-1956, American industrialist and philanthropist, b. Campbell, N.Y. After rising from clerk to sales executive in the National Cash Register Co. (1898-1913), he became (1914) president of the foundering Computing-Tabulating-Recording Co., which made scales, time clocks, and tabulators that sorted information using punched cards, all forerunners of the earliest mainframe computers . The company was renamed International Business Machines Corp. (IBM) in 1924 and Watson became its chairman in 1949. Encouraged by his son, Thomas John Watson, Jr., he invested heavily in research and in the 1950s widened IBM's line to include electronic computers. At the senior Watson's death, IBM had assets of over $600 million and a world market of 82 countries.

Thomas J. Watson in 1917
Thomas J. Watson, Sr. (February 17, 1874 - June 19, 1956) is considered to be the founder of International Business Machines (IBM). He was one of the richest men of his time and called the world's greatest salesman when he died.

Early life and career

Watson was born in Campbell, New York. His formal education consisted of only a course in the Elmira School of Commerce. His first job was at age 18 as a bookkeeper in Clarence Risley's Market in Painted Post, New York. Later he sold sewing machines and musical instruments before joining the National Cash Register Company (NCR) as a salesman in Buffalo. He eventually worked his way up to general sales manager. Bent on inspiring the dispirited NCR sales force, Watson introduced the motto, "THINK", which later became a widely known symbol of IBM.

While at NCR, he was convicted for illegal anti-competitive sales practices (e.g. he used to have people sell deliberately faulty cash registers, either second-hand NCR or from competitors; soon after the second-hand NCR or competitors cash register failed, an NCR salesperson would arrive to sell them a brand new NCR cash register). He was sentenced, along with John H. Patterson (the owner of NCR), to one year of imprisonment. Their conviction was unpopular with the public, due to the efforts of Patterson and Watson to help those affected by the 1913 Dayton, Ohio floods, but efforts to have them pardoned by President Woodrow Wilson were unsuccessful. However, the Court of Appeals overturned the conviction on appeal in 1915, on the grounds that important defense evidence should have been admitted.

Watson married Jeanette M. Kittredge on April 17, 1913. The couple had two sons and two daughters. Both sons followed him into the family business, rising to top executive positions at IBM. The older son, Thomas J. Watson, Jr., became head of IBM shortly before his father's death. The younger son, Arthur K. Watson, served as president of IBM World Trade Corp., the company's international operations.


Thomas Watson, Sr.: IBM and the Computer Revolution

www.beardbooks.com/thomas_watson_sr.html By Robert Sobel
2000/08 - Beard Books
1893122824 - Paperback - Reprint - 368 pp.
US$34.95

This book was the first major exploration of IBM and the men who led it. It quickly became a classic as it chronicled the company's extraordinary past and dynamic present and forecast its promising future.

When the original publication appeared in 1981, IBM was the corporate giant on the cutting edge of the electronic era and the computer revolution. The book was the first major exploration of IBM and the men who led it. It quickly became a classic as it chronicled the company's extraordinary past and dynamic present and forecast its intriguing and promising future.

In this spellbinding book Robert Sobel traces the history IBM from its modest beginnings as the National Cash Register (NCR) under Thomas Watson, Sr., the young man from the farm who went to the city and made good through pluck and luck. He shows how this astonishing corporate entity forged ahead of all others and defined the electronic world according to IBM through technological developments, management techniques, and sales campaigns.

The IBM that Watson went home to was an American icon. It was the outgrowth of a debt-ridden maker of scales, time clocks and accounting machines that his father took charge of in 1914 - the year Tom Jr. was born. The elder Watson created a fanatically loyal work force at IBM - the company's name since 1924 - hanging think signs everywhere, leading employee sing-alongs (corporate anthem: Hail to IBM) and dictating everything from office attire (white shirt, dark suit) to policies on smoking and drinking (forbidden on the job and strongly discouraged off it). IBM dominated the market for punch-card tabulators - forerunners of computers that performed such tasks as running payrolls and collating census


Head of IBM

Watson became the president of the Computing-Tabulating-Recording Company on May 1, 1914. This was a company that had only been in existence for three years. When he took the job, the company had fewer than 400 employees. In 1924 the company merged with the International Business Machines Corporation and took its name. Watson built IBM into such a powerful force that the federal government filed a civil antitrust suit against them in 1952. IBM owned more than 90 percent of all tabulating machines in the United States at the time.

He considered an important part of his job to motivate the sales force. As part of this, he was famous for making his salespeople at both NCR and IBM attend sing-a-longs
( see The IBM Songbook
http://www.users.cloud9.net/~bradmcc/ibmsongbook.html ).

Throughout his life, Watson maintained a deep interest in international relations. He adopted for IBM the slogan, "World Peace Through World Trade", worked closely with the International Chamber of Commerce and in 1937 was elected its president. For many years Mr. Watson served as a trustee of Columbia University
( Where laborava post le secunde guerra mundial prof. André Martinet, le penultime director de recerca del IALA [Thomas J. Watson era un membro del directorate de IALA] e un membro distinguite del UMI - Union Mundial pro Interlingua)
and Lafayette College. He was presented with honorary degrees by 27 colleges and universities in the United States and four abroad. This work, however, was not without controversy. In 1937, Watson received the Eagle with Star medal from German Chancellor Adolf Hitler, for the help that IBM subsidiary Dehomag and its Hollerith punchcard machines provided the Nazi regime for tabulating census data. After the outbreak of World War II, Watson returned the medal, yet IBM continued to profit from Dehomag.
* Edwin Black's IBM and the Holocaust ( http://www.ibmandtheholocaust.com )

Watson was named chairman of IBM in September 1949. A month before his death, Watson handed over the reins of the company to his older son, Thomas J. Watson, Jr. His other son, Arthur K. Watson, served as president of IBM World Trade Corp.

He lived at 4 East Seventy-fifth Street in Manhattan at the time of his death. He is buried in Sleepy Hollow Cemetery in Sleepy Hollow, New York.


100 world's most influential people
Thomas J. Watson appare in le lista de "100 le plus influential homines del mundo" in The Time Magazine


Famous misquote

Although Watson is well known for his alleged 1943 statement: "I think there is a world market for maybe five computers," there is no evidence he ever made it. The author Kevin Maney tried to find the origin of the quote, but has been unable to locate any speeches or documents of Watson's that contain this, nor are the words present in any contemporary articles about IBM. The earliest known citation is from 1986 on Usenet in the signature of a poster from Convex Computer Corporation as "I think there is a world market for about five computers" --Remark attributed to Thomas J. Watson (Chairman of the Board of International Business Machines), 1943.

However, in 1985 the story was discussed on Usenet (in net.misc), without Watson's name being attatched. The original discussion has not survived, but an explanation has; it attributes a very similar quote to the Cambridge mathematician Professor Douglas Hartree, around 1951:

I went to see Professor Douglas Hartree, who had built the first differential analyzers in England and had more experience in using these very specialized computers than anyone else. He told me that, in his opinion, all the calculations that would ever be needed in this country could be done on the three digital computers which were then being built -- one in Cambridge, one in Teddington, and one in Manchester. No one else, he said, would ever need machines of the own, or would be able to afford to buy them.

(quotation from an article by Lord Bowden; American Scientist vol 58 (1970) pp 43-53); cited on Usenet
(http://groups-beta.google.com/group/net.misc/msg/00c91c2cc0896b77) * First Usenet Posting of the misquote (
http://groups.google.com/groups?selm=34000003%40convex&output=gplain)




IBM Thomas J. Watson Research Center
Yorktown Heights, NY.
www.watson.ibm.com

The IBM Thomas J. Watson Research Center is the headquarters for the IBM Research Division -- the largest industrial research organization in the world with eight labs worldwide. Established in 1961, the Watson Research Center is located in Westchester County, New York and Cambridge, Massachusetts and spans three sites and four buildings -- the main laboratory in Yorktown Heights, two buildings in Hawthorne, and one building in Cambridge. An approximate 1,790 people are employed between these four facilities.

The research focuses primarily on IT hardware (ranging from exploratory work in the physical sciences to semiconductors and systems technology); software (including areas as diverse as security, programming, mathematics and speech technologies); and services, with a focus on applying them to transform businesses in a wide range of industries.

References

* Maney, Kevin (2003). The Maverick and His Machine: Thomas
  Watson, Sr. and the Making of IBM. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN
  0471414638.


Thomas J. Watson Jr.

Back from the war, Tom Jr. saw IBM afresh and quickly realized that its future lay in computers, not a 19th century information technology like tabulators. Even the first primitive vacuum-tube machines could calculate 10 times as fast as IBM's tabulators. Many people, however, including Watson's father, couldn't believe the company's core products were headed for extinction. Nonetheless, Tom Jr., who became IBM president in 1952, never retreated. He recruited electronics experts and brought in luminaries like computer pioneer John von Neumann to teach the company's engineers and scientists. By 1963, IBM had grabbed an 8-to-1 lead in revenues over Sperry Rand, the manufacturer of Univac.

Watson, who shared his father's volcanic temper, was just warming up. Fearful of falling behind in the fast-changing industry, Watson promoted "scratchy, harsh" individuals and pressured them to think ahead. (When IBM engineers complained that transistors were unreliable, Watson handed out transistor radios and challenged the critics to wear them out.) He never backed away from conflict, not even what he called "savage, primal and unstoppable" fights with his father over issues like finance.

He installed a "contention" system that encouraged IBM managers to challenge one another. Watson was paternal with rank-and-file employees, but he was murder on his lieutenants, in accordance with his dictum that "the higher the monkey climbs, the more he shows his ass."


Bibliography

Maney, Kevin (2003). The Maverick and His Machine: Thomas
Watson, Sr. and the Making of IBM. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN
0471414638.

Watson, Thomas John, Jr. on Encyclopedia.com
Dayton, Ohio. The son of Thomas John Watson, Sr., the
founder of the International
www.encyclopedia.com/html/w/watson-t1j12.asp


Famous Quotes by Thomas Watson

Zaadz Quotes by Author - Thomas Watson Quotes
Thomas Watson (1874-1956) American businessman, founder of
IBM from Thomas J. Watson in Men-Minutes-Money, a Collection of Excerpts from Talks
www.zaadz.com/quotes/authors/thomas_watson/
Famous Quotes by Thomas Watson

1. "We must never feel satisfied."
Thomas Watson (1874-1956) American businessman, founder of IBM
from Thomas J. Watson in Men-Minutes-Money, a Collection of
Excerpts from Talks . . .

2. "Time is your chief stock in trade."
3. "Success is an individual proposition."
4. "Life itself is a matter of salesmanship."
5. "The future is going to demand more of us."
6. "Make time your ally and time will make you."
7. "We progress because we are willing to change."
8. "If you want to succeed, double your failure rate."
9. "Encouragement isa a necessary part of supervision."
10. "We are all trying to learn how to do a better job."
11. "The young man requires wisdom as well as knowledge."

12. "If a man goes to work in the right spirit, work is no
     hardship."

13. "The future of this business is far beyond the vision of
     any of us.

14. "If we do not take advantage of our opportunities, it is
    our own fault."

15. "There is more real need for the pioneering spirit today
    than ever before."

16. "We must all take time to do enough thinking to formulate
    our own conclusions."

17. "Business is a game, the greatest game in the world if you
    know how to play it."

18. "It is better to aim at perfection and miss, than to aim
    at imperfection and hit it"

19. "All the problems of the world could be settled easily if
    men were only willing to think."

20. "Joining a company is an act that calls for absolute
    from Thomas and Marva Belden in The Life of Thomas J.
    Watson, 1962, Little, Brown and Co.

21. "The time who utilizes every minute of every hour becomes
    a bigger, better being every minute."

22. "Wisdom is the power that enables us to use knowledge for
    the benefit of ourselves and others."

23. "What we need in this country today is more courage and
    more belief in the things that we have."

24. "The man who does not take pride in his own performance
    performs nothing in which to take pride."

25. "You work the first eight hours of each day for survival.
    Anything after that is an investment."

26. "Time is the substance of life - and recording it, the
    most important thing with which a man has to deal."

27. "Don't make friends who are comfortable to be with. Make
    friends who will force you to lever yourself up."
~ Thomas Watson (1874-1956)

28. "We must all consider ourselves as assistants, regardless
    of the titles we carry in our official capacities."

29. "Nothing so conclusively proves a man's ability to lead
    others as what he does from day to day to lead himself."

30. "Watson's motto at the first CTR conventions: Your company
    is your friend. That is my hope and aim and ambition."

31. "Watson's motto at the first CTR conventions: Your company
    is your friend. That is my hope and aim and ambition."

32. "The success of every major executive depends on the men
    under him. Really successful men are pushed up, not pulled
    up."

33. "None of us can hope to get anywhere without character,
    moral courage and the spiritual strength to accept
    responsibility."

34. "He would say over and over again that the company was not
    merely a business, but "an institution that will go on
    forever.""

35. "A minute has no negative qualities; it can be made to
    yield something, but not nothing. Its yield is something
    beneficial, or something detrimental."

36. "What synchronism means to a clock, a convention means to
    our organization; it enables those of us who are behind to
    catch up and get in step with the others."

37. "Put First Things First! These four words cover an entire
    philosophy which can be applied with profit by every
    business leader, by every executive and by every employee."

38. "If joining IBM was commitment, not employment, and the
    company engaged in something more than business, it had a
    right to demand of its men unconditional loyalty, Watson
    believed."

39. "Follow the path of the unsafe, independent thinker.
    Expose your ideas to the danger of controversy. Speak your
    mind and fear less the label of "crackpot" than the stigma
    of conformity."

40. "A message from Paris to demonstrate the International
    Radiotype at the National Business Show in NYC, October
    16, 1933: We shall find ourselves in a better world than
    mankind has ever known."

41. "The man who bases his actions on independent thought; who
    reflects and considers before doing anything, and whose
    judgments are arrived at through logic, is the man who
    will go farthest today."

42. "Watson clearly spelled out his attitude about drinking,
    prohibiting liquor at IBM functions, on IBM premises, for
    IBM purposes: You can mix your drinking with pleasure, but
    not with our business."

43. "Speech celebrating the fiftieth anniversary of the
    opening of the Brooklyn Bridge, May 24, 1933: It was
    courage, faith, endurance and a dogged determination to
    surmount all obstacles that built this bridge."

44. "Recently, I was asked if I was going to fire an employee
    who made a mistake that cost the company $600,000. No, I
    replied, I just spent $600,000 training him. Why would I
    want somebody to hire his experience?"

45. "I think there's a world market for about five computers.
    Quoted by Charles Hard Townes In Martin Moskovits (Ed.),
    Science and Society, the John C. Polanyi Nobel Lareates
    Lectures, Anansi Press, Concord, Ontario, 1995, p 8."

46. "Point out to the men working with you and around you that
    we forgive thoughtful mistakes - that it is only the
    thoughtless mistakes that cause trouble. Tell them first
    to be sure they have thought about each proposition, then
    to go ahead."

47. "When I speak about the future development of our
    business, I want to include every other business in the
    United States. In my judgment, every legitimate business
    in our country today has a far better future ahead of it
    than it has ever had before."

48. "Less than three weeks before his death, in one of
    Watson's last public statements about his company, he
    observed: It's this family spirit-combined with vision and
    faith-that has been responsible, perhaps more than
    anything else, for IBM's success."

49. "The business leaders of tomorrow will be the young men of
    today-men like you who are preparing now for the great
    future which lies ahead. You may view the future with
    confidence, knowing that from the youth of today will
    emerge the leaders of tomorrow."

50. "Watson himself said that when he was able to develop
    loyalty in men, ability followed. "Joining a company is an
    act that calls for absolute loyalty in big matters and
    little ones," he declared. Criticism, if necessary at all,
    was permitted only to superiors."

51. "Princeton Universtiy, October 13, 1928: There is no
    saturation point in education if you follow sound
    principles, and you must apply this motto to business. . .
    You must acquire wisdom in addition to knowledge. Wisdom
    is the power which enables you to use your knowledge to
    advantage."

52. "Membership in the IBM family exacted certain standards of
    conduct. The reputation of the company was in the hands of
    everyone who worked for it, Watson insisted. Therefore,
    his employees were warned against doing anything, even in
    their private lives, which would be to the discredit of
    the organization."

53. "It was necessary for us to discover greater powers of
    destruction than our enemies. We did. But after every war
    we have followed through with a new rise in our standard
    of living by the application of war-taught knowledge for
    the benefit of the world. It will be the same with the
    atomic bomb principles."

55. "I believe in getting behind the individual and backing
    him up, helping him to strengthen himself, making him feel
    that there is someone endeavoring to help him, trying to
    be an assistant to him, and bringing out the best there is
    in him-in other words, teaching him to teach himself, and
    in that way strengthen the entire organization."

56. "Within us all there are wells of thought and dynamos of
    energy which are not suspected until emergencies arise.
    Then oftentimes we find that it is comparatively simple to
    double or treble our former capacities and to amaze
    ourselves by the results achieved. Quotas, when set up for
    us by others, are challenges which goad us on to surpass
    ourselves. The outstanding leaders of every age are those
    who set up their own quotas and constantly exceed them."

57. "All great questions of politics and economics come down
    in the last analysis to the decisions and actions of
    individual men and women. They are questions of human
    relations, and we ought always to think about them in
    terms of men and women-the individual human beings who are
    involved in them. If we can get human relations on a
    proper basis, the statistics, finance and all other
    complicated technical aspects of these questions will be
    easier to solve."

58. "A message sent to all members of the American Sales
    Organization at the opening of the IBM Election Prize
    Contest, September 1, 1932. In every walk of life, the
    highest places and the greatest rewards go to those who
    have the courage to attempt and ability to achieve big
    things. That is true in science. It is true in government.
    It is true in business. And it is true in this
    organization. IBM leaders in the past have proved their
    worth by performance, just as they will in this sales
    campaign."

59. ""If you are loyal you are successful," ruminated the
    company paper at one time. "All useful work is raised to
    the plane of art when love for the task-loyalty-is fused
    with the effort. Loyalty is the great lubricant of life.
    It saves the wear and tear of making daily decisions as to
    what is best to do. The man who is loyal to his work is
    not wrung nor perplexed by doubts, he sticks to the ship,
    and if the ship founders he goes down like a hero with
    colors flying at the masthead and the band playing.""

60. "We are willing to spend any reasonable amount of money on
    education in our organization, because we have a group of
    men and women in our business who are constantly seeking
    knowledge, knowing that is the way to make themselves more
    valuable to the company and, automatically, more valuable
    to themselves. We are working out a plan that is going to
    take in everybody in the organization. We are going to
    have post graduate schools for our men in the field, and
    post graduate schools for our executives-and many of
    them."

61. "It can't be done, engineers might tell him. It has to be
    done, Watson would order, and often it could be. With this
    approach Watson brought out the best in his men-in his
    engineers, for example. He believed that engineering, like
    salesmanship, depended not only on laws but on will. For
    him the first principle of science, as well as the first
    principle of the world of men, was enthusiasm. Build it,
    he would order his engineers arbitrarily. And when they did,
    the machine often seemed to be a triumph of Dale Carnegie
    over Newton."

62. "A message regarding the annual convention of the
    Advertising Federation of America in NYC, June 14-18,
    1931. Advertising has illuminated the path of progress. .
    . . In building up desire, advertising has spurred new
    endeavors. It is their creative work, their dynamic
    presentations of products, their ability to teach and
    educate which have made each of us desire better things.
    And in the fulfillment of our desires, we have reached for
    and attained higher pinnacles in living standards and a
    clearer conception of the values of life itself."

63. "What we do with our leisure time has considerable bearing
    on what we accomplish during our working hours, and very
    largely determines the degree of our success, Young men
    who, like yourselves, devote a predetermined amount of
    their leisure hours to study and to serious thinking, are
    the men who are going to progress far and fast. The
    business leaders of tomorrow will be the young men of
    today-men like you who are preparing now for the great
    future which lies ahead. You may view the future with
    confidence, knowing that from the youth of today will
    emerge the leaders of tomorrow."

64. "Princeton Universtiy, October 13, 1928: In order to be a
    success in business, there is one thing you must do. You
    cannot be successful without it. That is WORK. I have not
    told you anything new. Everyone knows that you cannot be
    successful in anything without work. Why does not everyone
    work? Because some lack the one thing that makes men want
    to work - ENTHUSIASM. That is something no one can give
    you. You must acquire it yourself, and the only way that
    you can become enthusiastic about anything is to have a
    thorough KNOWLEDGE of it. You have never seen an
    enthusiastic man who was lazy."

65. "A tribute, published October 22, 1931, to Thomas Alva
    Edison upon his death: THE passing of Thomas Alva Edison
    serves to direct our attention to the multitude of
    benefactions he bestowed upon all humanity during his many
    years of fruitful activity. It reminds us of the debt of
    gratitude we owe him as members of the human race. By his
    achievements, he laid the foundation for continued and
    greater development. His persistent efforts and
    indefatigable spirit multiplied many times the valuable
    opportunities for man, especially the young man. To each
    and every young man, Mr. Edison left a legacy of
    opportunities."

66. "It is my personal opinion that we are going to recover
    from this depression and establish on a sounder and better
    basis, and we are going to reach greater heights of
    prosperity than ever before in this country. Now, that is
    just my personal opinion, but it is based on history,
    because that is what has happened following every
    depression. As we read the history of the various
    depressions we find that the people all felt about them
    just as we do about this one. One of the reasons we go
    ahead rapidly after coming out of a depression is that
    inventive genius and business talents have been put to a
    test, and they have always devised new and better ways to
    do things."

67. "The greatest asset of a man, a business or a nation is
    faith. The men who built this country and those who made it
    prosper during its darkest days were men whose faith in its
    future was unshakable. Men of courage, they dared to go
    forward despite all hazards; men of vision, they always
    looked forward, never backward. Christianity, the greatest
    institution humanity has ever known, was founded by twelve
    men, limited in education, limited in resources, but with
    an abundance of faith and divine leadership. The vision
    essential to clear thinking; the common sense needed for
    wise decisions; the courage of convictions based on facts
    not fancies; and the constructive spirit of faith as
    opposed to the destructive forces of doubt will preserve
    our Christian ways of life."

68. "A tribute, published October 22, 1931, to Thomas Alva
    Edison upon his death: More than any other man, Mr. Edison
    lifted us out of the material surroundings of the Middle
    Ages. For most part, his inventions were spectacular in
    that they served to effect the emancipation of humanity and
    at the same time made possible mass production, greater
    factories, new and faster transportation methods, speedier
    distribution of commodities and a general increase in the
    happiness and higher standards of living for the peoples of
    the world. His inventions have provided employment directly
    for more than a million persons and many millions are
    employed because of their indirect benefits. It has been
    recorded that the investment value of all the undertakings
    rooted in his inventions equals the value of all the gold
    mined in the world since Columbus discovered America.
    Thomas A. Edison, whom we revered for his simplicity and
    his greatness, has passed on, but his name and his
    achievements remain to be magnified in the light of their
    untold benefits to future generations."

69. "There is very little difference between the general
    manager, the sales manager, the factory manager, the
    office manager, the factory man, the office man and the
    salesman. We have different ideas and different work, but
    when you come down to it, there is just one thing we have
    to deal with throughout the whole organization - that is
    the "MAN." Here is the way it lines up: The Manufacturer
    general manager sales manager factory manager office
    manager factory man office man salesMan This is a man
    proposition pure and simple; that includes the ladies too,
    by the way-all mankind. I think this one point is something
    we should keep in mind at all times regardless of what our
    occupations or duties are; we are just men-men standing
    together, shoulder to shoulder, all working for one common
    good; we have one common interest, and the good of each of
    us as individuals affects the greater good of the company.
    From a talk made at the opening session of The
    International Time Recording Company Sales Convention, held
    at Endicott, NY, January 25-30, 1915."

70. "Watson's answer to a question about competition in his
    first company meeting, 1914, as the new president, of the
    CTR (Computing-Tabulating-Recording Company), the company
    that was to become IBM: ". . . the only way that we want
    you men to handle the competition proposition is the only
    way we can afford to allow you men to handle it, that is,
    strictly on the merits of our goods. . . . You people when
    you come down to competition-must not do anything that's in
    restraint of trade, anything that will restrain the other
    fellow from selling his goods, anything that could be
    construed by anybody as unfair competition," he said,
    stammering in his earnestness. "You know, gentlemen, it is
    bad policy to do anything unfair with anybody, anywhere at
    any time, isn't it, in business or outside of business? No
    man ever won except in the one honest, fair and square way
    in which you men are working." The audience burst into
    applause, interrupting Watson again and again as he assured
    them that he would uphold fairness no matter what the
    competition did. . . . The spirit of the meeting quickened;
    and Watson, for the first time, began to take command."

71. "DEAR Tom: A thought that has occurred and reoccurred to
    me during my vacation is that some capable writer should do
    a biography of your life. This thought came to me because
    of my constant concern, publicly and privately, in the
    combating of the trend toward excessive paternalism in
    Government. As you know, I constantly preach individual
    initiative and acceptance of individual responsibility if
    we are in the long run to avert Statism. It seems to me
    that an account of your life would be a story of
    practicable achievement in the free enterprise system that
    would be far more effective in support of my argument than
    almost anything else could be. You have been known as one
    of the liberal leaders of industry; your own personal
    record as well as that of your company under your
    leadership should bring home many lessons to the
    participants in the industrial strife that now plagues the
    nation. There are undoubtedly many writers and scholars who
    would like to write a biography of you. It might even be
    done best as a "collaboration" effort by two or more
    writers. In any event, it is my thought that maybe you will
    be sufficiently interested to talk it over with me when I
    am in New York. Cordially, IKE"


In 2005 le Television Finlandese presentava un documento de quasi un hora del BBC, "Thomas J. Watson - patre del capitalismo"


Actualisate le 2007-12-05

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